His style has been described as "lyrical abstract impressionism". By the age of four, Congo had made 400 drawings and paintings. Zoologist, author and surrealist painter Desmond Morris first observed his abilities when the chimpanzee was offered a pencil and paper at two years of age. Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T (2002) Enumeration of briefly presented items by the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) and humans ( Homo sapiens).Congo (1954–1964) was an English artist and painter who was also a chimpanzee. Tanaka M (2001) Discrimination and categorization of photographs of natural objects by chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). Takeshita H (2001) Development of combinatory manipulation in chimpanzee infants ( Pan troglodytes).
Smith DA (1973) Systematic study of chimpanzee drawing. Schiller P (1951) Figural preferences in the drawings of a chimpanzee. Okamoto S, Tomonaga M, Ishii K, Kawai N, Tanaka M, Matsuzawa T (2002) An infant chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) follows human gaze. In: Hare VJ, Worley E (eds) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Enrichment. Ochiai T, Matsuzawa T (1998) Planting trees in an outdoor compound of chimpanzees for an enriched environment. In: Bekoff M, Allen C Burghardt G (eds) The cognitive animal. Matsuzawa T (2002) Chimpanzee Ai and her son Ayumu: an episode of education by master–apprenticeship. Matsuzawa T (ed) (2001) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. In: Waal FBM de (ed) (2002) Infant chimpanzee and human child: a classic 1935 comparative study of ape emotion and intelligence. Ladygina-Kots NN (1935) Infant chimpanzee and human child. Kellogg R (1969) Analyzing children’s art. Kawai N, Matsuzawa T (2000) Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp 235–268 In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Iversen IH, Matsuzawa T (2001) Establishing line tracing on a touch monitor as a basic drawing skill in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). Iversen IH, Matsuzawa T (1997) Model-guided drawing in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes). Iversen IH, Matsuzawa T (1996) Visually guided drawing in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes). Inoue-Nakamura N, Matsuzawa T (1997) Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). Hirata S, Celli ML (2003) Role of mothers in the acquisition of tool use behaviours by captive infant chimpanzees. Hayashi M, Matsuzawa T (2003) Cognitive development in object manipulation by infant chimpanzees. Gardner H (1980) Artful scribbles: the significance of children’s drawings. J Comp Psychol 101:82–89Ĭox MV (1992) Children’s drawings. Cogn Dev 14:25–51īoysen ST, Bernston GG, Prentice J (1987) Simian scribbles: a reappraisal of drawing in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes). These findings suggest that the development of combinatory manipulation of objects as well as that of perceptual-motor control may be necessary for the emergence of instrumental drawing on paper.Īdi-Japha E, Levin I, Solomon S (1998) Emergence of representation in drawing: the relation between kinematic and referential aspects. Just prior to this, they showed a rapid increase in combinatory manipulation of objects. Two of the infants performed their first scribble with a marker on paper at the age of 20–23 months. The results suggest that perceptual-motor control for finger drawing develops in infant chimpanzees. The scribbles contained not only simple dots or short lines, but also curves and hook-like lines or loops, most of which were observed in the instrumental drawings of adult chimpanzees. During spontaneous interactions with this apparatus, all three infants and two mother chimpanzees left scribbles with their fingers on the screen. Each touch generated a fingertip-sized dot at the corresponding on-screen location. This apparatus was able to record the location of the subjects’ touches on the screen. We used a notebook computer with a touch-sensitive screen.
While human infants start to scribble on paper at around the age of 18 months, our 13- to 23-month-old infant chimpanzees had never been observed scribbling prior to this study.
We tested three infant chimpanzees to compare the developmental processes of scribbling between humans and chimpanzees. We introduced a new technique to investigate the development of scribbling in very young infants.
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